The mescaline molecule is related structurally to two hormones secreted by the adrenal glands, adrenaline and noradrenaline; both are catecholamine compounds that take part in the transmission of nerve impulses. Mescaline was isolated as the active principle of peyote in 1896, and its structural resemblance to adrenaline was recognized by 1919. Mescaline was made a Schedule I substance under the Controlled Substance Act (CSA) in 1970, making it an illegal substance with no medical benefits.

A Year in Review for the Psychedelics Business

Shulgin went on to synthesize dozens of similar compounds, many of which have found a niche in today’s teeming marketplace of novel psychoactives. Mescaline itself may have disappeared, but its stepchildren have become the beating heart of twenty-first century drug culture. ‘Psychedelic’ emerged from a correspondence between Huxleyand Humphry Osmond, the psychiatrist who supplied him with the mescaline hetook at his home in the Hollywood Hills in May 1953. (Huxley thought thespelling should be ‘psychodelic’ and persisted with it, to little avail.) Hisessay on the experience, The Doors ofPerception (1954), kickstarted the psychedelic era. The terms in vogue forthese drugs at that time, such as ‘psychotomimetic’ and ‘hallucinogen’, hademerged from psychiatry and connected their effects to mental disorders. The mescalineexperience, Huxley argued, was mesclun drugs not a psychotic episode but a transcendentstate, a communion with the ‘Mind-at-Large’.

The hallucinogenic effects of mescaline will last longer for some people than others. Depending on a person’s height, weight, mental state, previous drug use, mescaline can last between 10 and 20 hours. During the following years, while the Native Americans were being persecuted for peyote, mescaline was being regarded as an intellectual hallucinogen in Europe, acclaimed for its visions and ability to support progressive self-reflection. At the time, an educated doctor was assumed to have more evolved self-reflections and visions, while a layperson or laborer who used peyote traditionally was thought to lack the ability to think deeply about their life. Even in this earliest case of psychedelic drug use, there were inclinations of racism and classism that persist today. Like most hallucinogenic drugs, typical mescaline effects are produced in the mind and it has an impact on visual or auditory perception.

Most users chew the button shaped seeds to produce the hallucinogenic effects, which can last for between 12 to 18 hours. Therefore, recreational mescaline use is illegal in most western countries, but in some countries, such as Canada, traditional peyote is exempt from legislation. In New Zealand, cacti such as the San Pedro may be cultivated for ornamental purposes but not for recreational use. That means you could be imprisoned for up to six months for possession and up to life for supply.

Before Mescaline Was A Psychedelic

Variables may not equal 100% due to rounding error.N is varied due to participants choosing“prefer not to answer” on specific items. Scores of themystical-type, challenging, insight, and ego-dissolution effects canrange from 0 to 5. Ratings of personal meaning, spiritualsignificance, psychological challenge, and psychological insight canrange from 0 to 7. A 2013 study also found that lifetime mescaline or peyote use was significantly linked to a lower rate of agoraphobia, an anxiety disorder where subjects perceive their surrounding environment to be threatening.

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Within the NAC, Peyote hasbeen used to treat chronic alcoholism within ethnically oriented residentialtreatment programs (Albaugh andAnderson, 1974). In Western communities, it has been suggested thatmescaline may play a role in the treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD)and personality disorders (Delgado and Moreno, 1998; Hartogsohn, 2017). Anonymous Internetposts by recreational users describe mescaline as a means of attaining spiritualtransformation, gratitude, compassion, and interconnectedness with the universe(Erowid, 2011, 2012). Although previousresearch suggests beneficial effects of mescaline, it is currently not approved as amedicine by any health authority, and the benefit/risk ratio of mescaline ispresently unknown due to lack of rigorous clinical research.

Mescaline Misuse: Side Effects, Risks & Treatment

Ellis’s published essay would complement similar personal accounts of mescaline use, like one by S. According to some, these men are considered the first “psychonauts” as defined by Ernst Junger, a term that means “sailor of the soul.” However, by removing the drug from the ceremony and culture of origin, this research established a precedent of extraction and exploitation that would come to define psychedelic research. Mescaline is not physically addictive, but like other hallucinogenic drugs, you can become tolerant to its effects. Summit Malibu is the longest running boutique addiction treatment center in Malibu, California. Our residential rehab program offers dual diagnosis drug and alcohol addiction treatment to heal the mind, body, and soul. Summit Malibu is Joint Commission Accredited and licensed by the California Department of Health Care Services.

• With that in mind, each individual journey will be unique to the person, time, and place, and there’s no way to predict exactly what will happen.
• Many people report that it also creates a uniquely empathic effect in the user, making it useful for personal healing.
• These buttons are generally chewed or soaked in water to produce an intoxicating tea.
• However, Fadiman was initially informed about the process by Robert Forte, a psychedelic researcher and former Director of The Hoffman Foundation.
• Mescaline has been used as part of religious ceremonies for thousands of years, as well as recreationally in more recent times.
• Additionally,it is not clear why the Peyote subgroup reported shorter duration of effects, butone could speculate if it could be due to lower net intake of mescaline (despiteincreased number of doses ingested), due to the alkaloid ratio of the cacti, dose,and experience of emesis.

Is There a Difference Between Tripping on LSD and Psilocybin?

Finally, although we have compared mescaline experiences by mescaline type of use inthe present study, we do not intend for these data to be interpreted to mean thatfurther rigorous, clinical research are not needed. We cannot conclude thatsimilarities or differences observed in this dataset may have also been caused by avariety of additional factors, such as participant demographics, “set and setting”(i.e. contextual variables) that might co-vary with the type of use. Therefore, thepresent observations should be replicated in controlled clinical trials to allow anystrong conclusion. Effective oral dosage of synthetic mescaline is in the 200–400 mg range, with threeorders of magnitude greater than the equivalent dose of lysergic acid diethylamide(LSD) (Beyerstein, 2003;Nichols, 2004). Oralingestion of mescaline appears to have a longer half-life compared to other classicpsychedelics (i.e. 6 h), with peak effects occurring approximately 2 h afteringestion and a total duration lasting 8–12 h (Dasgupta, 2019; Nichols, 2004).

Low activity in this area is linked to depression and anxiety, leading scientists to hypothesize that mescaline could help alleviate symptoms of these disorders. During recruitment (January 2019 to October 2019), a total of 2025 people clickedone of the recruitment ads and were presented with the information about theresearch study. Of the remaining 455, anadditional three were excluded because they reported being under the age of 18(exclusion criteria). People have used hallucinogens for hundreds of year, mostly for religious rituals or ceremonies.

subjective effects

Mescaline is an alkaloid that causes hallucinogenic effects similar to those of LSD and psilocybin (magic mushrooms). It occurs naturally in several varieties of cactus, most notably peyote (native to Mexico) and the San Pedro cactus (native to Peru). Today, members of the NAC report using Peyote anywhere from once per year to two tothree times per week (Dasgupta,2019). Decriminalization resolutions, which include Peyote, maycontribute significantly to the extinction of the Peyote cacti in the wild.Similarly, the Republic of Peru, South America has enacted legislation protectingtraditional use of Indigenous plant medicines, such as San Pedro (Dunnell, 2018). About 452 respondents completed a web-based survey designed to assess theirprevious experience with mescaline (subjective effects, outcome measures,and mescaline type used).

Historians and archaeologists affirm ‘psychedelic cacti’ have been used by Native Americans as part of religious ceremonies for thousands of years. However, mescaline was only identified as the active ingredient in the cacti in 1897 by German scientist Karl Heffter. Heffter was the first scientist to be referred to as a ‘pychonaut’ due to his willingness to test his newly discovered chemicals on himself. Demographic characteristics of total sample and each subsample based eachof the “most memorable” mescaline experience subgroups. Atai Life Sciences is working to combine psychedelics with brain-computer interfaces for mental health treatment.

Mescaline has long been considered a powerful agent for healing and change, making it a central component of the shamanic ceremonies of many indigenous groups in the Americas. For many, a mescaline journey offers deep insight into the self and the universe, giving one a greater sense of connection and spirituality. Mescaline is also known for fostering compassion and gratitude, while also alleviating psychological disorders such as anxiety, depression, PTSD and addiction.

Mescaline has been used for thousands of years and is best known as a drug used by some Native Americans in Mexico as part of their religious ceremonies. Mescaline has a bitter taste so some people grind peyote buttons into an off-white powder that is put into capsules. Mescaline is usually prepared by cutting the cactus up into fine pieces and simply boiling them for a few hours before ingesting the water. Another form in which it is taken is by chewing the buds that grow from the cactus stem when it is chopped off at ground level.

Considering you need 30 centimetres or more of cactus blade for a decent boil-up, Matters of Substance thinks mescaline will remain a minor player in our drug pantheon. Most Kiwis wanting to get high will put their ingenuity towards cultivating something else. In another study, researchers found that mescaline helped goldfish learn to avoid a shock more quickly.

Это значит, что при возникновении спорных вопросов с брокером у трейдеров есть возможность обратиться к этому независимому органу. И даже в случае непредвиденных ситуаций, у трейдеров есть гарантированная выплата до € на одну претензию. Наша оценка брокера основана на всестороннем исследовании и анализе, используя обширную методологию, которую мы разработали для получения максимально объективной картины. Мы учитываем различные факторы, включая регуляцию, надежность, условия торговли, предлагаемые инструменты, обслуживание клиентов и многое другое.

• Во-первых, трейдер-управленец вкладывает в сделку и свои деньги, а не только торгует на капитал инвесторов.
• Брокер имеет многолетний опыт работы и положительные отзывы трейдеров, что подтверждает его надежность.
• Вы также можете уже сейчас скачать в Google Play и App Store бесплатное обучающее мобильное приложение.
• В компании есть TIMA-сервис, который позволяет инвесторам получать пассивную прибыль на финансовых рынках.
• AirMarkets предлагает приемлемый торговых счетов, что делает его привлекательным для трейдеров разных уровней опыта и с разными инвестиционными целями.
• Важно знать, что перед открытием торгового счета вам понадобиться пополнить кошелек (тип счета Balance в личном кабинете).

Правила Трейдинга Герчика

При этом, есть контакты для разных стран, что упрощает связь с поддержкой для клиентов из разных регионов. Для удаления аккаунта в Gerchik & Co необходимо связаться с службой поддержки брокера через электронную почту или чат на сайте. Специалисты помогут закрыть ваш аккаунт и вывести оставшиеся средства в соответствии с правилами компании. Вывод средств с Gerchik & https://airmarkets.bid/ Co осуществляется через личный кабинет, используя те же методы, что и для пополнения счета, такие как банковские переводы и электронные кошельки.

Gerchik & Co – развод или нет?

Для Gerchik & Co минимальный депозит составляет 100 долларов США или евро. Это означает, что вы можете начать торговлю на финансовых рынках, внеся на свой счет всего 100 долларов США или евро. Этот размер депозита делает Gerchik & Co доступным для широкого круга инвесторов, включая тех, кто только начинает свой путь в мир трейдинга и не хочет сразу вкладывать большие суммы. Обучающие материалы, предоставляемые брокером, могут быть полезными для начинающих трейдеров и тех, кто хочет углубить свои знания. Помимо этого, брокер предлагает разнообразные варианты связи для технической поддержки, что может быть ценным для трейдеров, нуждающихся в непосредственной помощи. Брокер предлагает множество каналов для связи с поддержкой, включая телефон, электронную почту, Skype, Телеграм-бот, онлайн-чат на сайте и возможность создать тикет в личном кабинете.

• С 2014 года он успешно торгует на Форексе и с 2017 года активно участвует в криптовалютном рынке.
• Чтобы активировать данный сервис, вам потребуется иметь на торговом счете от $1000.
• Это значит, что при возникновении спорных вопросов с брокером у трейдеров есть возможность обратиться к этому независимому органу.
• Однако стоит отметить, что брокер не располагает счетами с фиксированным спредом и центовыми счетами, что может не понравится некоторым трейдерам.
• Еще более широкий выбор у брокера « Герчик и Компания » в плане выбора CFD – 300+ наименований.
• Откройте счет у топового брокера и торгуйте, как легендарный трейдер.

Реєстрація аккаунта

Gerchik & Co – это легитимный брокер, регулируемый и известный своей репутацией на финансовых рынках. Брокер имеет многолетний опыт работы и положительные отзывы трейдеров, что подтверждает его надежность. Компания дает возможность опробовать свои силы в трейдинге или протестировать новую ТС, не рискуя собственными средствами. Для этого есть виртуальный демо-счет, все показатели на котором идентичным настоящим счетам. Однако стоит отметить, что брокер не располагает счетами с фиксированным спредом и центовыми счетами, что может не понравится некоторым трейдерам. Если вы хотите торговать на реальном счете, вам потребуется пройти полную верификацию.

Типы демо-счетов

Во-вторых, благодаря подключенному к TIMA-счету инструменту «Риск-менеджер» от компании Gerchik & Co трейдер получает усиленный контроль рисков во время торговли. В компании есть TIMA-сервис, который позволяет инвесторам получать пассивную прибыль на финансовых рынках. TIMA-счета, в свою очередь, предлагают возможность получения пассивного дохода, что может быть привлекательно для инвесторов, не имеющих достаточного времени или знаний для самостоятельной торговли. Помогает создать алгоритм на основе сигналов трейдера и формирует чек-лист по трейдингу с примерами и иллюстрациями. После регистрации становятся доступны личный кабинет и все функции, предоставляемые сервисом. Кроме того, принцип надежности и открытости Gerchik & Co подтверждается защитой интересов трейдеров международной Финансовой комиссией FinaCom.

Общая информация о компании Gerchik & Co

После создания заявки с вами связывается личный менеджер и присылает https://airmarkets.blog/ дальнейшие инструкции для пополнения счета. При выборе брокера одним из ключевых критериев является размер минимального депозита. Это сумма денег, которую вы должны внести на свой торговый счет для начала работы с брокером. Это важный аспект для надежности брокера, поскольку он обеспечивает защиту интересов трейдеров.

Alex Gerchik — бренд торговли без убытков на

Наличие широкого набора торговых инструментов и платформ делает этого брокера привлекательным как для новичков, так и для опытных трейдеров. Gerchik & Co предоставляет широкий выбор методов пополнения и вывода средств, что позволяет пользователям выбрать наиболее удобный и привычный для них способ. Доступны как традиционные платежные системы, так и криптовалютные кошельки, что демонстрирует стремление брокера идти в ногу со временем и учитывать все последние тенденции.

The AI Revolution: AI Image Recognition & Beyond

Many of these problems can be directly addressed using image recognition. At its most basic level, Image Recognition could be described as mimicry of human vision. Our vision capabilities have evolved to quickly assimilate, contextualize, and react to what we are seeing.

With Alexnet, the first team to use deep learning, they managed to reduce the error rate to 15.3%. This success unlocked the huge potential of image recognition as a technology. A key moment in this evolution occurred in 2006 when Fei-Fei Li (then Princeton Alumni, today Professor of Computer Science at Stanford) decided to found Imagenet. At the time, Li was struggling with a number of obstacles in her machine learning research, including the problem of overfitting. Overfitting refers to a model in which anomalies are learned from a limited data set.

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Once the dataset are several things to be done to maximize its efficiency for model training. It took almost 500 million years of human evolution to reach this level of perfection. In recent years, we have made vast advancements to extend the visual ability to computers or machines. Image recognition includes different methods of gathering, processing, and analyzing data from the real world.

The softmax function’s output probability distribution is then compared to the true probability distribution, which has a probability of 1 for the correct class and 0 for all other classes. We’ve arranged the dimensions of our vectors and matrices in such a way that we can evaluate multiple images in a single step. The result of this operation is a 10-dimensional vector for each input image. For each of the 10 classes we repeat this step for each pixel and sum up all 3,072 values to get a single overall score, a sum of our 3,072 pixel values weighted by the 3,072 parameter weights for that class. Then we just look at which score is the highest, and that’s our class label. The placeholder for the class label information contains integer values (tf.int64), one value in the range from 0 to 9 per image.

Semantic Segmentation & Analysis

It seems to be the case that we have reached this model’s limit and seeing more training data would not help. In fact, instead of training for 1000 iterations, we would have gotten a similar accuracy after significantly fewer iterations. We don’t need to restate what the model needs to do in order to be able to make a parameter update. All the info has been provided in the definition of the TensorFlow graph already. TensorFlow knows that the gradient descent update depends on knowing the loss, which depends on the logits which depend on weights, biases and the actual input batch. It runs analyses of data over and over until it discerns distinctions and ultimately recognize images.

Face recognition, object detection, image classification – they all can be used to empower your company and open new opportunities. To start working on this topic, Python and the necessary extension packages should be downloaded and installed on your system. Some of the packages include applications with easy-to-understand coding and make AI an approachable method to work on. It is recommended to own a device that handles images quite effectively.

AI can instantly detect people, products & backgrounds in the images

The danger here is that the model may remember noise instead of the relevant features. However, because image recognition systems can only recognise patterns based on what has already been seen and trained, this can result in unreliable performance for currently unknown data. The opposite principle, underfitting, causes an over-generalisation and fails to distinguish correct patterns between data. For a machine, however, hundreds and thousands of examples are necessary to be properly trained to recognize objects, faces, or text characters. That’s because the task of image recognition is actually not as simple as it seems. It consists of several different tasks (like classification, labeling, prediction, and pattern recognition) that human brains are able to perform in an instant.

For example, to apply augmented reality, or AR, a machine must first understand all of the objects in a scene, both in terms of what they are and where they are in relation to each other. If the machine cannot adequately perceive the environment it is in, there’s no way it can apply AR on top of it. In many cases, a lot of the technology used today would not even be possible without image recognition and, by extension, computer vision. We hope the above overview was helpful in understanding the basics of image recognition and how it can be used in the real world. In this section, we’ll provide an overview of real-world use cases for image recognition.

In addition to assigning a class to an object, neural network image processing has to show the recognized object’s contained space by outlining it with a rectangle in the image. In particular, our main focus has been to develop deep learning models to learn from 3D data (CAD designs and simulations). The early adopters of our technology have found it to be a breakthrough.

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A beginners guide to AI: Computer vision and image recognition

Our biological neural networks are pretty good at interpreting visual information even if the image we’re processing doesn’t look exactly how we expect it to. Various data science techniques make these and other uses of computer vision happen. It has many benefits for individuals and businesses, including faster processing times and greater accuracy.

Along with a predicted class, image recognition models may also output a confidence score related to how certain the model is that an image belongs to a class. Feature extraction is the process of extracting important and informative features from an image that can be used for further processing such as object detection, classification, or segmentation. In computer vision, feature extraction is a crucial step in most image recognition tasks. Opinion pieces about deep learning and image recognition technology and artificial intelligence are published in abundance these days. From explaining the newest app features to debating the ethical concerns of applying face recognition, these articles cover every facet imaginable and are often brimming with buzzwords. You can be excused for finding it hard to keep up with the hype, especially if your business doesn’t routinely intersect with high-tech solutions and you became interested in the capabilities of computer vision only recently.

Current Image Recognition technology deployed for business applications

The data provided to the algorithm is crucial in image classification, especially supervised classification. Image classification is the task of classifying and assigning labels to groupings of images or vectors within an image, based on certain criteria. However, it is a great tool for understanding how Google’s AI and Machine Learning algorithms can understand images, and it will offer an educational insight into how advanced today’s vision-related algorithms are. Image recognition is also helpful in shelf monitoring, inventory management and customer behavior analysis. Image recognition is an integral part of the technology we use every day — from the facial recognition feature that unlocks smartphones to mobile check deposits on banking apps. It’s also commonly used in areas like medical imaging to identify tumors, broken bones and other aberrations, as well as in factories in order to detect defective products on the assembly line.

This process is expected to continue with the appearance of novel trends like facial analytics, image recognition for drones, intelligent signage, and smart cards. Acquiring large-scale training datasets can be challenging, but advancements in crowdsourcing platforms and data annotation tools have made it easier and more accessible. Additionally, the use of synthetic data generation techniques, coupled with real-world data, can further augment the training dataset and improve the robustness of the image recognition model. The entire image recognition system starts with the training data composed of pictures, images, videos, etc. Then, the neural networks need the training data to draw patterns and create perceptions.

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Humans recognize images using the natural neural network that helps them to identify the objects in the images learned from their past experiences. Similarly, the artificial neural network works to help machines to recognize the images. One of the biggest challenges in machine learning image recognition is enabling the machine to accurately classify images in unusual states, including tilted, partially obscured, and cropped images.

In this way you can go through all the frames of the training data and indicate all the objects that need to be recognised. A distinction is made between a data set to Model training and the data that will have to be processed live when the model is placed in production. As training data, you can choose to upload video or photo files in various formats (AVI, MP4, JPEG,…). When video files are used, the Trendskout AI software will automatically split them into separate frames, which facilitates labelling in a next step. Lawrence Roberts is referred to as the real founder of image recognition or computer vision applications as we know them today. In his 1963 doctoral thesis entitled « Machine perception of three-dimensional solids »Lawrence describes the process of deriving 3D information about objects from 2D photographs.

The initial layers learn simple features such as edges and textures, while the deeper layers progressively detect more complex patterns and objects. While human beings process images and classify the objects inside images quite easily, the same is impossible for a machine unless it has been specifically trained to do so. The result of image recognition is to accurately identify and classify detected objects into various predetermined categories with the help of deep learning technology. In some cases, you don’t want to assign categories or labels to images only, but want to detect objects. The main difference is that through detection, you can get the position of the object (bounding box), and you can detect multiple objects of the same type on an image.

• One of the key techniques employed in image recognition is machine learning.
• Deep learning is a type of advanced machine learning and artificial intelligence that has played a large role in the advancement IR.
• In unsupervised learning, the algorithms learn without labeled data, discovering patterns and relationships in the images without any prior knowledge.

Typically, image recognition entails building deep neural networks that analyze each image pixel. These networks are fed as many labeled images as possible to train them to recognize related images. Once an image recognition system has been trained, it can be fed new images and videos, which are then compared to the original training dataset in order to make predictions. This is what allows it to assign a particular classification to an image, or indicate whether a specific element is present. This usually requires a connection with the camera platform that is used to create the (real time) video images. This can be done via the live camera input feature that can connect to various video platforms via API.

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The most used deep learning model is an artificial neural network model called convolutional neural networks (CNN). Clarifai is a leading deep learning AI platform for computer vision, natural language processing, and automatic speech recognition. We help enterprises and public sector organizations transform unstructured images, video, text, and audio data into structured data, significantly faster and more accurately than humans would be able to do on their own. The platform comes with the broadest repository of pre-trained, out-of-the-box AI models built with millions of inputs and context. They detect explicit content, faces as well as predict attributes such as food, textures, colors and people within unstructured image, video and text data.

There isn’t much need for human interaction once the algorithms are in place and functioning. After completing this process, you can now connect your image classifying AI model to an AI workflow. This defines the input—where new data comes from, and output—what happens once the data has been classified. For example, data could come from new stock intake and output could be to add the data to a Google sheet.

Supervised learning vs unsupervised learning

This (currently) four part feature should provide you with a very basic understanding of what AI is, what it can do, and how it works. The guide contains articles on (in order published) neural networks, computer vision, natural language processing, and algorithms. It’s not necessary to read them all, but doing so may better help your understanding of the topics covered.

And your business needs may require a unique approach or custom image analysis solution to start harnessing the power of AI today. The field of AI-based image recognition technology is constantly evolving, with new advancements and innovations appearing regularly. Researchers and developers are continually exploring novel techniques and strategies to enhance image recognition accuracy and efficiency.

What is the level of interest in Image Recognition Software?

For example, Google Cloud Vision offers a variety of image detection services, which include optical character and facial recognition, explicit content detection, etc. and charge per photo. Next, there is Microsoft Cognitive Services offering visual image recognition APIs, which include face and celebrity detection, emotion, etc. and then charge a specific amount for every 1,000 transactions. However, start-ups such as Clarifai provide numerous computer vision APIs including the ones for organizing the content, filter out user-generated, unsafe videos and images, and also make purchasing recommendations. Once image datasets are available, the next step would be to prepare machines to learn from these images.

Neocognitron can thus be labelled as the first neural network to earn the label « deep » and is rightly seen as the ancestor of today’s convolutional networks. The features extracted from the image are used to produce a compact representation of the image, called an encoding. This encoding captures the most important information about the image in a form that can be used to generate a natural language description.

To visualize the process, I use three colors to represent the three features in Figure (F). Once a model is trained, it can be used to recognize (or predict) an unknown image. Notice that the new image will also go through the pixel feature extraction process. We already successfully use automatic image recognition in countless areas of our daily lives.

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• For instance, a computer program that recognizes a cat in an image will not only detect the cat’s presence but also label it as a cat.
• As with the human brain, the machine must be taught in order to recognize a concept by showing it many different examples.
• It’s not necessary to read them all, but doing so may better help your understanding of the topics covered.
• It’s easiest to think of computer vision as the part of the human brain that processes the information received by the eyes – not the eyes themselves.

Momentum trading is a strategy used by high-frequency traders to capitalize on the current cryptocurrency market sentiment. It involves identifying and exploiting the momentum of price movements in a specific direction, leveraging high-speed execution and data analysis to make rapid trading decisions. HFT algorithms for momentum trading scan for abnormally high trading activity (or “trading volume”), daily price fluctuations (or “volatility”), and crucial chart https://www.xcritical.com/ levels to capitalize on sharp breakouts or drawdowns for a digital asset. Momentum traders also trade around big events or mainstream news likely to impact a cryptocurrency’s price. These newly developed digital currencies have advantages over conventional currencies, such as decentralized transactions, auditability, and anonymity, to name just a few.

On the network topology of variance decompositions. Measuring the connectedness of financial firms

Finance Research Letters hft trading software is the most frequent publisher of high-frequency cryptocurrency market research, with the United Kingdom being the top-affiliated country. This section presents a performance analysis of the authors, their affiliated institutions, countries, and journals. We also categorize the top-trending and most influential articles published in this field.

The use of high-frequency data in cryptocurrency research: a meta-review of literature with bibliometric analysis

Inefficiency in cryptocurrencies can also be better detected in high-frequency (intraday) data than in low-frequency (daily) data (Zargar and Kumar 2019). Moreover, low-frequency data, even daily data, cannot reflect the swiftly changing environments in crypto markets during trading. From COVID-19 onwards, the literature has evaluated cryptocurrencies at high frequencies from various perspectives (Katsiampat et al. 2022).

Using an artificial financial market for studying a cryptocurrency market

Fry and Cheah (2016) find a negative bubble in Bitcoin and Ripple, with Ripple’s spillover intensifying price drops in Bitcoin. Fry (2018) identifies bubbles in Bitcoin and Ethereum and argues that boom-bust cycles could occur without bubbles. Cheung et al. (2015) identified multiple transitory and three major bubbles in Bitcoin, with bursts corresponding to major events in the market. Bariviera et al. (2018) applied permutation information theory quantifiers to study the high-frequency price dynamics of 12 cryptocurrencies during a bubble and bust in the starting month of 2018.

High-frequency crypto trading requires the right blend of speed, data, infrastructure, and algorithms. CoinAPI’s suite of products offers quantitative and crypto traders the tools and data necessary to excel in the high-frequency trading arena. By leveraging real-time data, low-latency APIs, and comprehensive historical datasets, traders can enhance their strategies, improve execution, and ultimately achieve higher trading profitability and efficiency. CoinAPI provides tools to succeed in high-frequency crypto trading for those in financial services, hedge funds, asset management industries, and more. Market making in crypto is a trading strategy where the trader (market maker) simultaneously places buy and sell orders for a particular asset to profit from the bid-ask spread.

In this article, we will discuss five crucial factors that you should take into consideration while looking for the ideal high frequency trading firm to meet your requirements and trading needs in cryptocurrencies. Blain Reinkensmeyer has 20 years of trading experience with over 2,500 trades placed during that time. He heads research for all U.S.-based brokerages on StockBrokers.com and is respected by executives as the leading expert covering the online broker industry. Blain’s insights have been featured in the New York Times, Wall Street Journal, Forbes, and the Chicago Tribune, among other media outlets. An experienced media professional, John has a decade of editorial experience with a background that includes key leadership roles at global newsroom outlets.

The results reported in cryptocurrency research papers, often developed in parallel, create discrepancies stemming from differences in observation periods and variations in the data frequencies used by scholars. Alexander and Dakos (2020) found that 80 of 124 papers published between January 2017 and March 2019 used questionable and/or non-traded data in their empirical analysis. To our knowledge, no previous studies have attempted to comprehensively explore cryptocurrency literature using high-frequency data, synthesize the available findings, and provide meaningful directions for future research in this domain.

A top-tier high frequency trading firm should be knowledgeable about the latest technologies and tools in the industry, providing you with the most effective and cutting-edge service possible. He holds dual degrees in Finance and Marketing from Oakland University, and has been an active trader and investor for close to ten years. An industry veteran, Joey obtains and verifies data, conducts research, and analyzes and validates our content. Our researchers thoroughly test a wide range of key features, such as the availability and quality of watch lists, mobile charting, real-time and streaming quotes, and educational resources – among other important variables.

As an incentive to companies, the NYSE pays a fee or rebate for providing said liquidity. With millions of transactions per day, this results in a large amount of profits. It became popular when exchanges started to offer incentives for companies to add liquidity to the market. For instance, the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) has a group of liquidity providers called supplemental liquidity providers (SLPs) that attempts to add competition and liquidity for existing quotes on the exchange. Traders with the fastest execution speeds are generally more profitable than those with slower execution speeds. ‍Some of the biggest high-frequency trading firms include Citadel Securities, Virtu Financial, Two Sigma Securities, DRW, and Hudson River Trading.

These connections use fiber-optic cables, microwave technology, or even laser technology, with latency in the low microseconds. However, the actual speed can vary depending on the distance between trading locations and the specific technology used. High-Frequency Trading (HFT) is incredibly fast, with trades typically executed within microseconds (one millionth of a second) to milliseconds (one thousandth of a second).

These platforms provide comprehensive market data, including real-time and historical trade data and other analytics that enable traders to exploit arbitrage opportunities, enhance liquidity, and manage risks effectively. Have you ever wondered how a large number of trades are executed, especially in the crypto ecosystem? You might have even used a bot, program or API to configure your crypto account or wallet to experiment on trades. Well that particular scenario is what we know as High Frequency Trading (HFT), which is a very significant strategy employed by experienced traders and institutions.

He holds a Bachelor’s Degree in English Literature from San Francisco State University, and conducts research on forex and the financial services industry while assisting in the production of content. Steven Hatzakis is the Global Director of Online Broker Research for ForexBrokers.com. Steven previously served as an Editor for Finance Magnates, where he authored over 1,000 published articles about the online finance industry.

• Therefore, the network relationship between the item (authors, documents, etc.) clusters helps determine the strength of the connection among the clusters that create a whole cluster analysis diagram of a discipline, field, or specific topic (Li et al. 2017).
• Their offerings include a market data API, which delivers comprehensive market data, and an EMS Trading API for executing trades efficiently.
• However, a few studies (e.g., Conlon and McGee 2020; Corbet et al. 2020b) suggest cryptocurrencies may even increase contagion.
• However, according to Tiwari et al. (2018) and Urquhart (2016), Bitcoin’s fundamental value is zero, and individual investors drive the market such that noise traders can distort the price discovery mechanism, leading to inefficiencies.
• Cluster 4, in blue, represents research contributing to portfolio diversification, examining the co-movement, spillover, hedge, and safe haven abilities of cryptocurrencies against other assets.
• Research on cryptocurrency price prediction has led to an investigation of the efficiency of the cryptocurrency market based on the efficient market hypothesis.
• This will provide you with invaluable information, helping you make a well-informed decision when choosing the best high frequency trading firm for your B2B operations.

With deep pockets and access to cutting-edge technology, these entities leverage HFT to carve out significant advantages in the digital asset space. Smart order routing (SOR) systems enable traders to access multiple liquidity pools simultaneously to identify the best order routing destination and optimize order execution. They scan pre-defined markets in real-time to determine the best bid and offer quotes for a specific order, thereby achieving the best price. They speculate on the price difference of the same coin or token on multiple exchanges.

Meanwhile, weighted average daily prices may distort trader behavior, as they cause a reduction in the volatility of cryptocurrencies by averaging high-frequency (hourly) prices, leading to a persistent time series. Despite the increased accessibility of high-frequency crypto data, most studies employ low-frequency data in the crypto market and aligned research areas. This is highlighted by a survey conducted by Bariviera and Merediz-Solà (2021), which affirms that most studies consider the daily frequency as a natural data frequency, ignoring other options. Among the most relevant studies, only a few have employed high-frequency data and considered them more efficient. This literature review aimed to comprehensively explore diverse academic articles that have utilized high-frequency data to unravel the complexities of cryptocurrency trends, market volatility, and the interrelationships among different digital currencies.

Gkillas et al. (2020) suggest the inclusion of Bitcoin, gold, and oil in a single portfolio to analyze diversification benefits while studying the spillover effects of skewness, kurtosis, and jumps. Baur and Hoang (2021) find that the six largest stablecoins act as safe havens against Bitcoin, and Baumöhl and Vyrost (2020) find a few stable coins that act as safe havens against other top cryptocurrencies. There are many prospective avenues for examining the safe haven ability of stable coins and tokens (compared with unstable cryptocurrencies) against other assets. The symmetric or asymmetric multifractality and detrended correlation analysis of safe haven assets, including cryptocurrencies, stablecoins, and other financial assets, is a potential topic to explore. Since cryptocurrencies are becoming less influential, except Bitcoin, dApps, and Protocols, which are receiving much attention from investors (Katsiampa et al. 2022), upcoming research can focus on these distinctive cryptocurrencies in their market analysis.

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Contact us today to discover what QuickBooks can do to help you with all of your small business accounting needs. When analyzing your break-even point, not only do you want to see that your business is breaking even, you’re looking to make sure your business is profitable as well. Here are a few ways to lower your break-even point and increase your profit margin. If you’d prefer to calculate how many units you need to sell before breaking even, you can use the number of units in your calculation. Here are four ways businesses can benefit from break-even analysis.

Assumes constant selling prices

The answer to the equation will tell you how many units (meaning individual products) you need to sell to match your expenses. This is a great example of how selling a product for a higher price allows you to reach the break-even point significantly faster. However, you need to think about whether your customers would pay $200 for a table, given what your competitors are charging. At the break-even point, you’ve made no profit, but you also haven’t incurred any losses.

What is the approximate value of your cash savings and other investments?

Ethical managers need an estimate of a product or service’s cost and related revenue streams to evaluate the chance of reaching the break-even point. It’s also important to keep in mind that all of these models reflect non-cash expense like depreciation. A more advanced break-even analysis calculator would subtract out non-cash expenses from the fixed costs to compute the break-even point cash flow level. This will give us the total dollar amount in sales that will we need to achieve in order to have zero loss and zero profit. Now we can take this concept a step further and compute the total number of units that need to be sold in order to achieve a certain level profitability with out break-even calculator. The break-even formula in sales dollars is calculated by multiplying the price of each unit by the answer from our first equation.

Ask Any Financial Question

Traders can use break-even analysis to set realistic profit targets, manage risk, and make informed trading decisions. The relationship between contribution margin and breakeven point is that even a dollar of contribution margin chips away at a company’s fixed cost. A higher contribution reduces the number of units needed to break even because each unit contributes more towards covering fixed costs. Conversely, a lower contribution margin increases the breakeven point, requiring more units to be sold to cover fixed costs.

• In order to find their break-even point, we will use the contribution margin for the Blue Jay and determine how many contribution margins we need in order to cover the fixed expenses, as shown below.
• The break-even point in dollars is the amount of income you need to bring in to reach your break-even point.
• In accounting terms, it refers to the production level at which total production revenue equals total production costs.

This can be converted into units by calculating the contribution margin (unit sale price less variable costs). Dividing the fixed costs by the contribution margin will reveal how many units are needed to break even. Contribution margin here refers to your product’s selling price less variable costs per unit. Once you have calculated your BEP, you can use it to set your sales target, explore possible cost cutting measures and evaluate the need to raise your prices. The break-even point is your total fixed costs divided by the difference between the unit price and variable costs per unit. Keep in mind that fixed costs are the overall costs, and the sales price and variable costs are just per unit.

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In other words, they will not begin to show a profit until they sell the 226th unit. This is illustrated in their contribution margin income statement. First we need to calculate the break-even point per unit, so we will divide the $500,000 of fixed costs by the $200 contribution margin per unit ($500 – $300).

Let’s say that we have a company that sells products priced at $20.00 per unit, so revenue will be equal to the number of units sold multiplied by the $20.00 price tag. Although investors may not be interested in an individual company’s break-even analysis of production, they may use the calculation to determine at what price they will break even on a trade or investment. The calculation is useful when trading in or creating a strategy to buy options or a fixed-income security product. For options trading, the breakeven point is the market price that an underlying asset must reach for an option buyer to avoid a loss if they exercise the option. The breakeven point doesn’t typically factor in commission costs, although these fees could be included if desired. According to this formula, your break-even point will be $200,000 in sales revenue.

As we can see from the sensitivity table, the company operates at a loss until it begins to sell products in quantities in excess of 5k. For instance, if the company sells 5.5k products, its net profit is $5k. In effect, the insights derived from performing break-even analysis enables a company’s management team to set more concrete tax credit vs tax deduction sales goals since a specific number to target was determined. The break-even point is the number of units that you must sell in order to make a profit of zero. You can use this calculator to determine the number of units required to break even. The selling price is $15 per pizza, and the monthly sales are 1,500 pizzas.

We can apply that contribution margin ratio to the break-even analysis to determine the break-even point in dollars. For example, we know that Hicks had $18,000 in fixed costs and a contribution margin ratio of 80% for the Blue Jay model. We will use this ratio (Figure 3.9) to calculate the break-even point in dollars. The break-even point is the volume of activity at which a company’s total revenue equals the sum of all variable and fixed costs. The break-even point is the point at which there is no profit or loss.

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What To Suppose About When Choosing A React Native Ide

Thank you to our Diamond Sponsor Neon for supporting our community. Let’s create a easy app that displays a welcome message and a button to change the message. It also presents you the advantage of utilizing native third-party libraries. Start proactively monitoring your React Native apps — strive LogRocket at no cost. It’s important to note that the decision finally comes right down to your private preference and necessities. What matters is selecting the one which suits your wants and helps you be extra productive.

React Native zero.76 launch is the payoff of many years of exhausting work. As Nicola mentioned, after 3 years of effort, the New Architecture is lastly ready for production. Plus, the next-gen debugging stack now combines features from all of the debuggers Meta created in the last 6 years 💯. Metro is a super-efficient JS bundler used by React Native to bundle your JavaScript code and assets (e.g. images), allowing them to run on cellular units. The Metro Resolver is an element of Metro that is answerable for finding and loading modules (pieces of code) from an import path. For instance, Metro Resolver will load the FONTS module from the path talked about below.

And since its syntax is ES-Next compliant (everything except for types) it could be considered as a device for type-safety when working with JavaScript. As the fellows describe their tool, it’s like “rails for React Native” – many issues are set up for you which ones helps to maneuver sooner and in the best path. On the other hand, this is a breaking change for each app and library developers. React Native 0.76 will ship with a decreased number of native libraries, as we merged plenty of our native code right into a single library known as libreactnative.so. As previosly shared in 0.seventy five, our vision is for React Native to be framework agnostic.

Mobile builders prefer React Native as a result of it opens the means in which for rapid development. Please use the React Native Upgrade Helper to view code modifications between React Native variations for existing tasks, along with the Upgrading docs. This change comes with discount in app measurement, and improvement in app startup performance on Android. From our benchmarks, we discovered that App dimension shall be reduced by ~3.8MB (20% of the total) and median App startup time might be lowered by ~15ms (~8%) (source). Our neighborhood is always delivery exciting new initiatives and exploring platforms beyond Android and iOS with repos like React Native Windows, React Native macOS and React Native Web. React primitives render to native platform UI, that means your app makes use of the same native platform APIs different apps do.

• React Native zero.seventy six launch is the payoff of many years of hard work.
• DEV Community — A constructive and inclusive social community for software builders.
• It provides plenty of highly effective options together with segmentation and targeting, geo-targeting, and A/B testing for a really affordable worth.
• You can confirm that everything is working accurately and that the setting is ready for use with the npx react-native doctor command.
• Plus, the next-gen debugging stack now combines options from all the debuggers Meta created in the last 6 years 💯.

This can be both a physical Android gadget, or extra generally, you have to use an Android Virtual Device which allows you to emulate an Android device in your computer. If you could have already installed Node on your system, ensure it’s Node 18.18 or newer. As expertise futurists, we love serving to startups flip their ideas into reality. Our experience spans startups to SMEs, and we’re devoted to their success. They should know the core concepts of React, corresponding to JSX, state, and props. We have highlighted these options of React Native in certainly one of our articles, “What is React Native?

Often, nice React Native apps are built with nice React Native instruments. All these features make it simpler for builders to work with React Native and improve their total development experience. Additionally, the dev neighborhood is constantly creating Integrated Development Environments (IDEs) and IDE extensions to reinforce the event strategy of React Native functions. IDEs are software program applications that provide a whole set of tools and functionalities to make the event of computer programs, software program purposes, and web sites simpler.

To build a React Native app, you’ll need a fundamental understanding of JavaScript and React. Familiarity with net improvement concepts like HTML, CSS, and JavaScript is helpful but not strictly needed. You’ll additionally must set up a development surroundings, which typically involves installing Node.js, a code editor like Visual Studio Code, and the React Native CLI or Expo CLI. VS Code will generate a launch.json in your project with some default configuration settings as proven beneath. You can safely shut this file, choose the appropriate configuration in the Configuration dropdown, and then press F5 (or click Green Arrow button) to begin out debugging your app in VS Code.

Library authors won’t be affected by this modification, unless you may have custom C++ code. Decoupling React Native from the CLI permits us to maneuver quicker by way of releasing these tasks independently and to better separate the duties of both projects. There are a mix of color filters that allow you to modify things like brightness, saturation, and hue in addition to non-color filters that let you add blurs and shadows. Check out the MDN documentation for a full overview of each individual filter perform, together with a fiddle to try them out for your self. Create stack, modal, drawer, and tab screens with minimal boilerplate utilizing your filesystem.

All three work with each Android and iOS apps, leave some room for small customization (for example, you may change colors or make certain they match platform’s guidelines). So which one you determine to choose on is just a matter of your own style and preferences. Despite these React Native improvement software program tools include a listing of default guidelines, you’ll be able to easily load your own guidelines at any time. Moreover, all rules are fully pluggable and may follow the identical pattern for themselves and for checks as well.

React Native Debugger is the software that comes with Redux pre-integrated that makes it ready to make use of. Not only this, but this software also allows us to inspect and edit the user-interface and React Native elements that make the development and debugging course of very simple. When you might be developing React Native applications, Redux is essential. It helps you write the JavaScript code that makes it easier to test the networking capabilities throughout the client-server environment. As XCode is doubtless one of the finest tools for developing purposes for the Apple surroundings, Android Studio is the best platform to develop functions on the Android platform. Instabug’s merchandise embody Bug Reporting, Crash Reporting, App Performance Monitoring, Session Replay, Release Management, App Ratings and Reviews, and In-App Surveys.

This will create a new project folder named « MyApp » containing the basic information and code in your app. The good news is that the React Native group was in a position to substitute the bridge with an interface called JSI (JavaScript Interface). And yeah, this new communication move known as New Architecture 🙌. React Native Debugger is a standalone app that gives a strong debugging setting. It lets you inspect the app’s state, community requests, and console logs.

This course accommodates a complete bundle with essentially the most commonly used ideas in utility growth. Expo simplifies the event workflow by abstracting away the complexities of native code compilation and configuration. It provides a wide range of pre-built elements, APIs, and companies, making it perfect for speedy prototyping, testing, and deployment of React Native applications.

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To address alcoholic narcissism, we must foster greater awareness and understanding of its underlying mechanisms. Combating this destructive force necessitates a multi-faceted approach, including therapy, support groups, and education. It is important to note that not all individuals struggling with alcoholism exhibit narcissistic traits. While there may be overlapping behaviors and characteristics, it is not accurate to categorize all alcoholics as narcissists.

Future Directions in Treatment and Research

They believe they deserve special treatment and may become irritable or angry when their expectations are not met. Narcissistic alcoholics crave attention and often engage in attention-seeking behaviors 1. They yearn for constant admiration and will go to great lengths to ensure they remain the center of attention in social settings. A hallmark trait of both NPD and alcoholic narcissism is a notable lack of narcissism and alcoholism empathy 2. These individuals struggle to understand or connect with the emotions and experiences of others, placing their desires above the well-being of those around them. Clear, consistent boundaries are crucial when interacting with a narcissistic alcoholic.

Challenges in Interpersonal Relationships

When AUD and NPD occur together, it can increase a person’s hostility and aggression. This can make treatment more challenging than it would be to treat each issue separately. The number of criteria a person meets determines whether they have AUD, and if so, the severity of the condition. Aggressive behavior and pathological narcissism were linked to alcohol overuse in a 2017 study of Canadian men. The association remained intact even when researchers accounted for general psychological distress as a trigger for coping responses like alcohol use. Remember that setting boundaries is not selfish but necessary for mental health and well-being.

• These individuals will debate, argue, distract, or back you into a corner, due to the way alcohol affects them.
• Both are mental health conditions that can damage relationships, cause personal distress, and undermine a person’s quality of life and sense of well-being.
• Narcissistic alcoholics frequently prioritize their own needs and desires above others.
• After the withdrawal stage, you could seek inpatient or outpatient care depending on your needs and the services offered by the facilities that are available to you.
• Treating both disorders while at a recovery treatment center can help a person remain sober once they’ve completed the program.

Defining Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD)

• They are the people who support and encourage the narcissist’s behavior, even if it is harmful to themselves or others.
• Alcohol becomes a coping mechanism to temporarily bolster their confidence and alleviate their internal insecurities.
• Are you in a relationship with someone who puts themself and their drinking before others?
• Cravings can be powerful and persistent, sometimes leading to relapse even after a period of sobriety.
• The combination of high grandiosity, low self-esteem, and vulnerable narcissism can create a powerful fuel for a self-destructive cycle.
• Pathways Recovery Center uses evidence-based treatments to help clients with narcissism and alcoholism.

Many individuals with NPD end up divorced or separated from their partner. Pathways Recovery Center helps families and friends stage effective interventions for loved ones struggling with AUD and NPD. According to Frontiers in Psychology, “Vulnerable narcissism is related to withdrawal, low self-esteem, negative affect, sensitivity to negative feedback, and defensiveness.

Making a dual diagnosis of NPD and AUD can be challenging and something that only a qualified mental health professional can make. NPD and AUD frequently co-exist and can increase the effects of each other. People with a pattern of narcissism often turn to alcohol to reinforce a false sense of grandiosity. People with alcohol use disorder, also known as alcoholism, can display patterns of narcissism, including self-absorption and an underlying craving for admiration.

When you have a question about Xero, the first place to head to is Xero Central. Simply type your question into the search bar and you’ll see a number of articles come up based on what the search engine knows about you from your Xero account. These support articles are updated and optimised every day by our team of professional writers, and we add new articles for new product features or ‘trending’ issues. So if you think you’ve read one before, take another look because it may have changed.

We’ll call you, but we don’t publish a phone number

Just go to Xero Central and, if the support articles don’t answer your question, you can get in touch with your details and ask us to phone you. With Xero you get free online support 24/7 from our customer support team. When you’re looking for answers, start by searching the support articles in Xero Central. If you still have questions, use the Contact Xero Support button at the bottom of any article to raise a case.

If the support articles don’t have the information you need, scroll to the bottom of the article and you’ll find the option to contact Xero support. Here you can fill out a form that is sent to the customer experience team who will triage it and assign it to the next available specialist with the right skills to help you. Most of our customer experience specialists have a degree-level accounting background so you can be assured that they have the technical knowledge to help with your case.

How to Contact Xero Support?

If the suggested articles don’t provide the information you’re looking for, you can still contact Xero Support. You told us how important it was to know when to expect a response from our customer experience team, so we provide a real-time estimate of when we’ll be able to get back to you. You can also get help by clicking the question mark in the top right corner inside Xero. It knows what page you’re on in the product and uses machine learning to tell what other customers commonly need help with in that exact spot – and what support articles they found useful. There’s no charge for the support provided by the Xero support team, whether it’s online or over the phone.

When you’re looking for answers, start by searching support articles in Xero Central. Then, if you still have questions, click the ‘Get in Touch’ button at the bottom of any support article and we’ll get back to you as soon as we can by email. You can provide your phone number and ask us to contact you if needed. Just let us know the preferred time to call and where you’re located. If you’ve got questions about how Xero can help your business, first, start a free trial to get a Xero login.

How to talk to Xero by phone

When you sign up for a Xero plan, you are eligible for free, unlimited support 24/7 from Xero. In this guide, we will be showing you how you can contact Xero Support directly and get your questions answered by the Xero team. The first port of call for getting support with any of Xero’s business or practice products is Xero Central, where you’ll find online help, online learning, and discussions.

• You can also see an expected response time, who’s looking after your case and where it’s at.
• Find the address and location of our offices in cities and countries around the world.
• When you ask a question, Xero Central suggests relevant support articles powered by machine learning.
• There’s no charge for Xero support no matter how often you contact us.

My cases in Xero Central is a one-to-one conversation between you and Xero. But if you need to share the details you can share your case with other users from the organisation linked to the case. If you have more than one business on Xero, you’ll be asked to confirm the business your question relates to, making it faster for us to get back to you.

But if you come across a customer support phone number on the web that claims to be the official Xero support number, it’s a scam, and they may try to charge you for help if you call it. Xero doesn’t have a support phone number and doesn’t charge customers for support. When you ask a question, Xero Central suggests relevant support articles powered by machine learning.

If you’re used to emailing us when you need help, you will now receive a reply asking you to log in with your Xero credentials and raise a case in Xero Central. If you are still unable to resolve your query with the resources provided, scroll to the bottom of the page and click on the « I still need help » button. After your case is resolved – we’ll ask you for feedback, and please do let us know how you rate your experience. We’re constantly evolving and looking at how we can improve, so we appreciate it when you tell us what’s going well, and what could be better next time. Join our team of the world’s best thinkers, creators and educators who are changing the way small business is done globally. Find out more about working at Xero or send an email to and someone from the talent team will get in touch.

You can provide your phone number, or we’ll ask for it if talking to you direct will help. We do call customers when it helps, but we first make sure that the right person is dealing with your question, and they have all the necessary information. Xero support provides free and unlimited online support as part of your Xero subscription. We don’t offer inbound phone support so we don’t have a telephone number you can call, but we do make calls to help you when needed.

When you click on a case to see more detail, it displays the messages between you and Xero support, the status of your case and when you can expect a response. You can also see which support specialist is looking after your enquiry – along with their photo and a few details about them so you know who you’re talking to. There’s no charge for Xero support no matter how often you contact us. If a website claims to be the Xero support site and offers phone support at a cost, it’s not the official Xero site and is a scam.

You can also choose to invite Xero support into your practice organisation. With this invite, you give Xero support access to your practice organisation only. This includes payroll in Xero, if your organisation uses this feature. Got a question about signing up, using our product, careers, or a general contact xero support enquiry?

While we don’t have an inbound support phone number, we do call customers when it helps. But first we want to make sure that we have the right person looking into your question, and they have all the necessary information – so you’re not waiting on hold or being passed around departments. When you raise a case you can request a call, or we’ll ask for your phone number if we think talking to you directly will help.